Research progress on relationship of different dietary patterns with risk of atrial fibrillation
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摘要:
心房颤动(房颤)是最常见的室上性心律失常, 具有高发病率和高致死率的特点。房颤的发生机制尚未完全清楚, 目前仍缺少有效的根治手段。因此, 房颤的预防就尤为重要。不同的饮食模式与房颤的发生和发展关系密切。本研究对包括地中海饮食、终止高血压的饮食(得舒饮食)、鱼类和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸、橄榄油、坚果、咖啡因、巧克力、酒精、油炸食品和盐等不同饮食因素与房颤发生的关系进行综述, 并探讨其作用机制。
Abstract:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia, characterized by high morbidity and mortality.The mechanism of AF is not very clear, and there is still a lack of effective radical treatments.Therefore, the prevention of AF is particularly important.Different dietary patterns are closely related to the occurrence and development of AF.This study reviewed the relationships of different dietary factors such as the Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet), fish and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, olive oil, nuts, caffeine, chocolate, alcohol, fried food and salt with the occurrence of AF, and explored its mechanism of action.
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心房颤动(房颤)是临床上最常见的一种室上性心律失常,因心房的不协调活动而导致心房收缩与舒张功能恶化,心房的协调性收缩完全丧失。房颤可以通过体表心电图或心房内心电图进行诊断,当完整的12导联心电图记录到房颤特征性心电图表现或单导联记录超过30 s时应被视为房颤发作[1]。除了持续时间的要求外,房颤的特征性心电图表现还有: ①“绝对”不规则的R-R间隔(在没有完全房室传导阻滞情况下); ②体表心电图上无明显P波; ③心房周期通常小于200 ms[2]。全世界范围内,房颤的发病率迅速增加,房颤在一般人群中的发病率为0.4%~1.0%, 据估计目前全世界有超过3 300万例房颤患者。亚太地区的男性和女性患病率最低,而北美地区患病率最高。
目前研究[3]认为房颤与卒中、心力衰竭、认知障碍、生活质量下降等有关,同时房颤还会增加病死率。2008年的一项纳入13个省总计29 079人的研究[4]显示,中国30~85岁居民的房颤发生率为0.65%。2021年一项纳入>45岁的47 841人的研究[5]发现,房颤总体发病率为1.8%, 45~54岁男性居民发病率为0.8%, 女性居民发病率为0.6%, 而>75岁男性居民房颤的发病率为5.4%, >75岁女性居民房颤的发病率为4.9%。房颤的发病机制十分复杂,目前认为房颤的发生和维持与异位起搏点及折返环路密切相关。研究[6]显示,随着年龄的增长,房颤患病率显著增高。研究[7]证明,包括吸烟、饮食、饮酒等生活方式在房颤的发生中也起到了重要的作用。本研究探讨不同的饮食模式对房颤发生的影响。
1. 地中海饮食与房颤
饮食是生活方式的重要组成部分,其中研究最广泛的一种饮食模式是地中海饮食。这种特殊的饮食结构强调多吃蔬菜、水果、鱼、海鲜、豆类、坚果类食物,其次才是谷类,并且烹饪时要用植物油(含不饱和脂肪酸)来代替动物油(含饱和脂肪酸),尤其提倡用橄榄油。地中海饮食是以自然的营养物质为基础,包括橄榄油、蔬菜、水果、鱼、海鲜、豆类,加上适量的红酒和大蒜,再辅以独特调料的烹饪方式,是一种特殊的饮食方式。地中海饮食改善房颤的发生可能与抗氧化和调控代谢有关[8]。2013年一项纳入800人的研究[9]发现,房颤患者坚持地中海饮食的比率更低。2023年一项纳入了121 300名参与者的研究[10]发现,地中海饮食与房颤的发生呈负相关。地中海饮食可以降低房颤患者的心血管事件发生率,这可能与地中海饮食调节谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶3(GPx3)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)有关[11]。同样是在房颤患者中,坚持地中海饮食还可以减少心血管不良事件,其机制可能与地中海饮食降低血清中肠源性内毒素和血栓素A2有关[12-13]。
2. 得舒饮食
1997年,美国国立心肺血管研究所主持了一项为期8周的大型多中心试验,主题为大型高血压防治计划,名为饮食方法防治高血压(DASH),中文翻译为“得舒饮食”[14], 试验结果发现,饮食中如果能摄食足够的蔬菜、水果、低脂(脱脂)奶,以维持足够的钾、镁、钙等离子的摄取,并尽量减少饮食中的油脂量(特别是富含饱和脂肪酸的动物性油脂),可以有效降低血压,而高血压患者采用这种饮食方式的降压效果更佳。最新研究[10]表明,终止高血压饮食也与房颤呈显著负相关。
3. 鱼类、ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸与房颤
地中海饮食中最具代表性的饮食元素是鱼类和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸。实验研究[15]发现鱼油可以降低兔类的心房细胞的房颤易感性。2012年一项研究[16]发现,在3 326例>65岁老年人中,外周血中ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸及二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)水平升高与房颤发生率低有关。然而,也有研究提示ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸并不能预防房颤的发生。3项荟萃分析结果[17-19]显示,未发现鱼类和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸在房颤的预防中发挥作用。一项中国的荟萃分析[19]涵盖了7个前瞻性实验,总计206 811人,结果显示,无论长期摄入鱼类还是ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸,都不能降低房颤的发生率,其原因可能与ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的摄入量的计算方式以及鱼类和不饱和脂肪酸的类型有关。2014年一项随访时间更久、纳入人数更大的试验(Diet, Cancer,and Health Cohort Study)[20]提出,摄入越多的海洋ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸并不能显著降低房颤的发生率, ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸与房颤的发生呈现“U”型关联,并提出每日摄入0.63 g的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸获益最大。2023年一项纳入了17个队列的包含547 99名参与者的平均随访时间为13.3年的研究[21]指出, ω-3脂肪酸,包括二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和EPA+DHA水平均与房颤发生无关,但是这些脂肪酸在预防冠状动脉不良事件方面存在获益,因此食用鱼类/ω-3脂肪酸仍作为预防心血管疾病的饮食推荐。在一项心肌梗死后补充EPA/DHA的前瞻性临床试验[22]中,心肌梗死后补充脂肪酸会增加术后新发的房颤, EPA可能在其中起到重要的作用。研究[23]提出鱼油的摄入可能确实存在副作用,鱼体内的重金属堆积可能对人体有害,甚至引发房颤。
一项著名的地中海饮食的临床试验(PREDIMED)[24]纳入了6 705人,随访了4.7年,发现地中海饮食中富含的初榨橄榄油可以降低新发房颤发生率。初榨橄榄油具有降低炎症指标的作用,其可以降低白细胞介素-6、C反应蛋白水平,从而发挥抗氧化作用[25]。RUIZ-CANELA M等[26]研究发现,初榨橄榄油会降低脂肪酸代谢中的长链酰基肉毒碱,从而降低房颤的发生率。
4. 坚果与房颤
坚果被推荐为健康的植物蛋白质、脂肪的来源,应该经常食用以降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,改善整体脂蛋白谱,降低冠心病风险。坚果的摄入与房颤的关系目前仍无确切的结论。LARSSON S C等[27]报道在61 364例瑞典成年人中,随访17年后发现坚果的摄入与房颤呈负相关。一项纳入21 054人的研究(Physicians′Health Study)[28]发现,在美国的男性医生中,坚果的摄入与房颤的发生无关。BALAKRISHNA R等[29]发现每天摄入28 g的坚果与不吃坚果的人相比,可以降低15%的房颤发生率; 由于是间接证据级别,该证据级别较低。
5. 咖啡因与房颤
咖啡因是一种甲基黄嘌呤物质,被认为是一种潜在的致心律失常的物质[30]。咖啡因存在于咖啡、茶、可乐和功能饮料中。在过去的十几年中,咖啡和房颤的关系被很多研究人员所报道,最主要的发现是咖啡和房颤的关系与咖啡的摄入量关系密切,每天1~2杯咖啡是获益最大的[31-33]。一项纳入了33 638名>45岁的女性研究[33]中,评价随访14年发现每天2杯咖啡可以降低22%的房颤发生率。最近一项涵盖了2个西班牙地中海饮食相关队列(PREDIMED)的研究[32]发现,每周喝1~7杯咖啡可以降低40%的房颤发生风险,但每天饮用1杯以上的咖啡不能降低房颤的发生率。还有一项研究[34]发现50~64岁人群每天喝6~7杯咖啡可以减少房颤的发生。最近的一项研究分析了英国生物库449 563名参与者的数据,这些参与者在注册时没有心血管疾病(55.3%为女性),平均随访时间为12.5年,每天喝4~5杯研磨咖啡和2~3杯速溶咖啡可减少心律失常的发生[35]。高血压患者饮用咖啡与房颤的自发转换呈“U”型关系,中度饮用咖啡的患者不容易出现房颤[36]。关于咖啡和房颤的研究很多,很多研究都倾向摄入咖啡可以减少房颤的发生,但具体的量并无明确的定论。CASIGLIA E等认为饮用咖啡降低房颤发生率的主要原因可能与代谢咖啡因的主要基因 CYP1A2 的多态性相关[37]。
6. 巧克力和房颤
与咖啡不同,巧克力和房颤的关系并没有那么肯定。一项纳入55 502人的研究(Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study)[38]在平均13.5年的随访时间中发现, 3 346人发生了房颤,每份巧克力约为30 g, 每周吃2~6份巧克力的人具有更低的房颤发生率。从Physicians′Health Study研究的队列[39]中发现,美国男性医生中巧克力的摄入与房颤无关。一项基于Swedish Mammography Cohort的研究[40]发现,女性人群摄入巧克力并不能影响房颤的发生。2018年发表的纳入40 009名男性和32 486名女性的荟萃分析[41]结果发现,巧克力的摄入量与房颤并无显著的相关性。
7. 酒精和房颤
饮酒可以促进房颤的发生。著名的Framingham Heart Study试验[23, 42]提示中至重度饮酒会增加男性的房颤发生风险。一项纳入7项前瞻性临床试验的荟萃分析[43]发现,饮酒是房颤发生的危险因素,即使是适度饮酒,也是房颤的危险因素。维生素D和ω-3试验(VITAL)发现,饮酒与持续性房颤的发生也有一定的相关性[44]。一项纳入5 790万例研究者的研究[45]结果显示,在发达国家,酒精的摄入是引起房颤的主要因素之一。在房颤患者接受导管消融后,酒精摄入也会导致房颤复发风险增高[46]。试验研究[47]发现,不断增加的饮酒量与房颤的发生相关性更高。戒酒同样可以减少房颤的发生[48]。饮酒引起的心律失常机制并不是十分清楚,可能与改变了心房肌细胞不应期、减弱了迷走神经反应、增强交感神经反应有关[49-51]。实验[52]发现长期饮酒会导致心房组织重构,这可能是导致房颤发生的机制。白藜芦醇作为心血管疾病的保护因素,主要存在于红酒、葡萄、种子和花生中。在房颤患者中,白藜芦醇可以通过抑制细胞内钙离子的释放发挥抗心律失常的作用[53-54]。
8. 油炸食物和房颤
油炸食物和房颤的关系目前报道并不多。在Physicians′Health Study研究[55]中,研究者并未发现摄入油炸食物和房颤相关。
9. 盐和房颤
一项纳入473 080名40~69岁的英国居民的研究[56]指出,男性的盐摄入量与房颤发生呈“U”型关联,在女性中则呈“J”型关联,且并无统计学差异; 该研究还发现盐的摄入量增加可以增加房颤的风险。
10. 总结
中国的房颤发病率呈逐年上升的趋势,除了正规的药物和内科介入治疗外,还应该更加重视饮食模式对房颤的影响。饮食可能通过肠道菌群影响房颤的发生,人类肠道中的微生物(肠道微生物群)及其综合遗传能力的影响远远超出了消化系统[57]。事实上,肠道微生物群促进了许多必要和有益的生理过程,如大量营养物质的消化和一些维生素的合成,微生物群落结构和功能的明显变化与多种疾病状态有关,包括心血管疾病[58]。微生物领域迅速扩大,涉及许多以前不同的研究领域,证明了肠道微生物群对人类健康和疾病的深远影响,肠道微生物可能是饮食影响房颤发生的机制之一。
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