Clinical value of nutritional risk screening tools in identifying sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer
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摘要:目的
探讨患者主观整体营养状况评价量表(PG-SGA)与营养风险筛查2002(NRS 2002)识别胃癌患者肌减少症的临床价值。
方法选取136例胃癌患者进行回顾性研究,使用PG-SGA和NRS 2002评估其术前营养状况。根据CT扫描中第3腰椎水平的骨骼肌指数(L3-SMI)定义肌减少症,将患者分为肌减少症患者与非肌减少症患者,比较2组患者的基线特征。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价PG-SGA和NRS 2002对肌减少症的识别能力。以存在肌减少症作为主要自变量,采用多因素Logistic回归分析评估与其具有独立相关性的协变量。
结果根据L3-SMI对肌减少症的定义, 43例(31.6%)胃癌患者被诊断为肌减少症。与非肌减少症患者相比,肌减少症患者的平均年龄更大,体质量指数(BMI)、L3-SMI、血红蛋白值、外周血淋巴细胞计数、血清白蛋白、总胆固醇以及甘油三酯水平均更低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。肌减少症还与NRS 2002评分≥3分和PG-SGA定义的严重营养不良显著相关(P < 0.01)。ROC曲线显示, PG-SGA识别胃癌患者肌减少症的最佳临界值为5分,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.714 (95%CI: 0.621~0.807); NRS 2002评分≥3分识别肌减少症的AUC为0.658 (95%CI: 0.560~0.757)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,当PG-SGA评分≥5分时,肌减少症的发生风险增加了约4.484倍(OR=4.484, 95%CI: 1.805~11.136, P=0.001)。与胃癌患者肌减少症独立相关的其他因素有年龄(OR=1.046, 95%CI: 1.007~1.087, P=0.019)、BMI (OR=0.734, 95%CI: 0.627~0.859, P < 0.001)和血红蛋白值(OR=0.805, 95%CI: 0.658~0.986, P=0.016)。
结论L3-SMI定义的肌减少症与NRS 2002、PG-SGA评分显著相关, PG-SGA或可作为识别肌减少症的有效工具。
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关键词:
- 胃癌 /
- 肌减少症 /
- 患者主观整体营养状况评价量表 /
- 营养风险筛查2002 /
- 营养不良
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical values of the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) in identifying sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer.
MethodsA total of 136 patients with gastric cancer were selected for retrospective study, and their preoperative nutritional conditions were evaluated by PG-SGA and NRS 2002. Sarcopenia was defined according to the skeletal muscle index at the level of the third lumbar vertebrae (L3-SMI) on CT scans, the patients were divided into sarcopenia group and non-sarcopenia group, and the baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups. The identification abilities of PG-SGA and NRS 2002 for sarcopenia were evaluated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Taking the presence of sarcopenia as the main independent variable, the multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the covariates with independent correlation.
ResultsAccording to the L3-SMI definition of sarcopenia, 43 patients (31.6%) with gastric cancer were diagnosed as sarcopenia. Compared with the non-sarcopenia patients, the average age of sarcopenia patients was significantly larger, the body mass index (BMI), L3-SMI, hemoglobin value, peripheral blood lymphocyte count, serum albumin, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Sarcopenia was also significantly associated with NRS 2002 score≥3 and severe malnutrition defined by PG-SGA (P < 0.01). The ROC curve showed that the optimal cut-off score of PG-SGA in identifying sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer was 5, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.714 (95%CI, 0.621 to 0.807); the AUC of NRS 2002 score≥3 for identifying sarcopenia was 0.658 (95%CI, 0.560 to 0.757). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that when PG-SGA score≥5, the risk of sarcopenia increased by nearly 4.484 times (OR=4.484, 95%CI, 1.805 to 11.136, P=0.001). Other factors independently associated with sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer were age (OR=1.046, 95%CI, 1.007 to 1.087, P=0.019), BMI (OR=0.734, 95%CI, 0.627 to 0.859, P < 0.001) and hemoglobin value (OR=0.805, 95%CI, 0.658 to 0.986, P=0.016).
ConclusionSarcopenia defined by L3-SMI is significantly correlated with NRS 2002 and PG-SGA scores, and the PG-SGA score may be used as an effective tool to identify sarcopenia.
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结肠癌是一种普遍存在于发达国家和发展中国家的常见恶性肿瘤,在全世界与癌症相关的死亡原因中排名第2位,占所有癌症的10%~15%[1]。细胞凋亡是对抗癌症的重要防御机制,可导致潜在的有害细胞死亡[2]。自噬可能在癌症的发生和进展中发挥不同的作用,同时也可能在肿瘤生长的不同阶段促进或抑制细胞增殖[3-4]。在应激反应中,自噬调节是由激酶介导的,如哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)和腺苷单磷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)[5]。WEI Q等[6]研究发现,山楂酸可通过AMPK/mTOR信号通路抑制结肠肿瘤的发生。1, 25-二羟维生素D3[1, 25-(OH)2D3]作为一种多效激素,除具有对钙和磷酸盐代谢以及骨骼生物学的经典调节作用外,还具有抗增殖、促凋亡和促分化等作用,这些作用表明1, 25-(OH)2D3具有显著的抗癌活性[7-9]。相关研究[10]发现, 1, 25-(OH)2D3对结肠癌有保护作用,但其作用机制尚不明确。本研究以HCT-116人结肠癌细胞为模型,观察1, 25-(OH)2D3对细胞凋亡和自噬的影响,并通过AMPK/mTOR通路探究其作用机制,现报告如下。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 主要材料
人结肠癌细胞HCT-116购自中国科学院细胞库。1, 25-(OH)2D3, 货号705942, 购自美国Sigma公司。Dorsomorphin(AMPK抑制剂),货号ab120843, 购自美国Abcam公司。Annexin V-FITC/PI双染细胞凋亡检测试剂盒,序号G003-1-2, 购自南京建成生物工程研究所。cleaved Caspase 3一抗(货号9664), cleaved Caspase 8一抗(货号8592), LC3A/B一抗(货号12741), Beclin-1一抗(货号3495), mTOR一抗(货号2983), p-mTOR一抗(货号5536), 辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗(货号7074), 均购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司。AMPK一抗,货号MA5-15815; p-AMPK一抗,货号44-1150G, 购自美国Thermo Fisher Science公司。
1.2 实验仪器
二氧化碳细胞培养箱购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司,流式细胞仪(ZS-AE7S)购自中生(苏州)医疗科技有限公司,凝胶成像仪购自美国Bio-Rad公司。
1.3 实验方法
1.3.1 细胞培养
人结肠癌细胞HCT-116用含有10%胎牛血清和青链霉素(100 U/mL)的RPMI-1640培养基培养,置于37 ℃、5%CO2的培养箱中。将细胞培养至生长对数期用于后续实验。
1.3.2 分组及给药
经前期预实验筛选1, 25-(OH)2D3对HCT-116细胞的处理浓度,分为5组,即对照组(正常培养基培养)、低剂量组[1, 25-(OH)2D3 10 nmol/L]、中剂量组[1, 25-(OH)2D3 100 nmol/L]、高剂量组[1, 25-(OH)2D3 1 000 nmol/L]和联合组[1, 25-(OH)2D3 1 000 nmol/L加AMPK抑制剂Dorsomorphin 10 μmol/L]。
1.3.3 流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况
将生长对数期的HCT-116细胞(1×106个/mL)取1 mL接种于6孔板中,于37 ℃孵育24 h。不同组别采用相应浓度的1, 25-(OH)2D3和Dorsomorphin处理,再连续培养48 h,收集细胞,采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染细胞凋亡检测试剂盒的方案进行检测。应用流式细胞仪检测细胞,以FlowJo软件分析数据。
1.3.4 透射电镜观察细胞自噬情况
根据1.3.3方法处理细胞,收集药物处理后的细胞,胰蛋白酶处理,用2.5%磷酸盐缓冲的戊二醛固定30 min, 再固定在1%四氧化锇中。将细胞包埋、切片,用乙酸铀酰和柠檬酸铅双重染色,并应用JEM-1200EX透射电子显微镜进行观察。
1.3.5 Western blot(WB)分析凋亡相关蛋白、自噬相关蛋白和AMPK/mTOR通路相关蛋白
根据1.3.3方法处理细胞,用预冷的PBS洗涤经药物处理后的HCT-116细胞,收集细胞,加入细胞裂解液,提取总蛋白,以BCA法检测蛋白浓度。SDS-PAGE电泳分离蛋白,转膜,加一抗(Caspase 3、Caspase 8、LC3Ⅰ、LC3Ⅱ、Beclin-1、p-AMPK、AMPK、mTOR、p-mTOR,稀释比例为1∶1 000), 4 ℃孵育过夜,洗膜加二抗,在37 ℃条件下孵育1 h, 曝光显色。以β-actin为内参蛋白,分析各蛋白的相对表达量。
1.4 统计学分析
本研究所得数据均采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用SNK-q检验, P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 1, 25-(OH)2D3对HCT-116细胞凋亡的影响
低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组的HCT-116细胞凋亡率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05); 联合组的HCT-116细胞凋亡率低于高剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。联合组的HCT-116细胞凋亡率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图 1、表 1。
表 1 各组HCT-116细胞凋亡情况比较(x±s)组别 n 细胞凋亡率/% 对照组 6 4.63±1.08 低剂量组 6 15.03±1.17* 中剂量组 6 21.42±1.26*# 高剂量组 6 27.18±1.19*#△ 联合组 6 6.23±1.04▲ 与对照组比较, *P < 0.05; 与低剂量组比较, #P < 0.05;
与中剂量组比较, △P < 0.05; 与高剂量组比较, ▲P < 0.05。2.2 1, 25-(OH)2D3对HCT-116细胞自噬情况的影响
与对照组相比,低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组存在更高水平的自噬; 与高剂量组相比,联合组的HCT-116细胞自噬程度降低。见图 2。
2.3 1, 25-(OH)2D3对HCT-116细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响
低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组的cleaved Caspase3、cleaved Caspase8蛋白表达水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05); 联合组的cleaved Caspase3、cleaved Caspase8蛋白表达水平低于高剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图 3、表 2。
表 2 各组HCT-116细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达情况比较(x±s)组别 n cleaved Caspase3/
β-actincleaved Caspase8/
β-actin对照组 6 0.21±0.07 0.16±0.08 低剂量组 6 0.46±0.10* 0.39±0.13* 中剂量组 6 0.77±0.12*# 0.75±0.14*# 高剂量组 6 0.98±0.14*#△ 0.97±0.11*#△ 联合组 6 0.23±0.08▲ 0.19±0.07▲ 与对照组比较, *P < 0.05; 与低剂量组比较, #P < 0.05;
与中剂量组比较, △P < 0.05; 与高剂量组比较, ▲P < 0.05。2.4 1, 25-(OH)2D3对HCT-116细胞自噬相关蛋白表达的影响
低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组的LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1蛋白表达水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05); 联合组的LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1蛋白表达水平低于高剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图 4、表 3。
表 3 各组HCT-116细胞自噬相关蛋白表达情况比较(x±s)组别 n LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ Beclin-1/β-actin 对照组 6 0.34±0.08 0.15±0.06 低剂量组 6 0.56±0.07* 0.33±0.10* 中剂量组 6 0.82±0.11*# 0.86±0.15*# 高剂量组 6 1.01±0.15*#△ 1.12±0.14*#△ 联合组 6 0.42±0.06▲ 0.42±0.09▲ 与对照组比较, *P < 0.05; 与低剂量组比较, #P < 0.05;
与中剂量组比较, △P < 0.05; 与高剂量组比较, ▲P < 0.05。2.5 1, 25-(OH)2D3对HCT-116细胞AMPK/mTOR通路相关蛋白表达的影响
低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组的p-AMPK/AMPK蛋白水平高于对照组, p-mTOR/mTOR蛋白水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05); 联合组的p-AMPK/AMPK蛋白水平低于高剂量组, p-mTOR/mTOR蛋白水平高于高剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图 5、表 4。
表 4 各组HCT-116细胞AMPK/mTOR通路相关蛋白表达情况比较(x±s)组别 n p-AMPK/AMPK p-mTOR/mTOR 对照组 6 0.26±0.08 0.96±0.15 低剂量组 6 0.46±0.10* 0.70±0.12* 中剂量组 6 0.67±0.11*# 0.51±0.09*# 高剂量组 6 0.98±0.14*#△ 0.31±0.08*#△ 联合组 6 0.31±0.07▲ 0.86±0.11▲ 与对照组比较, *P < 0.05; 与低剂量组比较, #P < 0.05;
与中剂量组比较, △P < 0.05; 与高剂量组比较, ▲P < 0.05。3. 讨论
结肠癌是世界范围内最常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤,临床常选择手术、放疗、化疗等方法治疗结肠癌[11]。尽管结肠癌的治疗已经取得进展,但结肠癌的复发率和病死率仍然很高。1, 25-(OH)2D3是具有强大抗癌活性的激素,具有广泛的抗肿瘤谱[12]。近年来,学者们对1, 25-(OH)2D3在肿瘤中的作用机制开展了大量研究,并揭示了其作用的一些潜在分子机制,本研究则观察了1, 25-(OH)2D3对人结肠癌HCT-116细胞凋亡和自噬的影响并初步探讨其机制。
细胞凋亡又称程序性细胞死亡,是细胞维持生命活动的重要过程[13]。细胞凋亡被认为是有效的抗癌治疗方案的关键。1, 25-(OH)2D3可上调p53并调节其下游线粒体介导的凋亡途径,发挥抑制人肝癌细胞增殖和诱导其凋亡的作用[14]。LEE J等[15]研究发现,1, 25-(OH)2D3可通过上调FOXO3抑制肾癌细胞的肿瘤活性,促进细胞凋亡。Caspase家族是哺乳动物中程序性细胞死亡的“发起者”和“执行者”。Caspase启动子首先被凋亡信号激活,然后激活下游级联的Caspase效应分子; 细胞中的一系列底物被特异性地水解,最后导致细胞解体。Caspase-3是其中最重要的凋亡效应分子,其位于每个凋亡信号传导途径的中心。Caspase-3激活后,细胞死亡是不可避免的[16-17]。本研究WB结果显示, 1, 25-(OH)2D3处理显著上调cleaved Caspase-3和cleaved Caspase-8表达,诱导HCT-116细胞凋亡,这与Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术结果一致,表明1, 25-(OH)2D3可刺激Caspase-3、Caspase-8蛋白激活,增强结肠癌HCT-116细胞凋亡。
自噬是一个关键的细胞过程,通常保护细胞和生物体免受营养缺乏等应激源的影响,除了在正常生理过程中的作用外,还在癌症等病理过程中发挥重要作用。相关研究[18]发现,自噬可抑制肿瘤生长,自噬基因的缺失会导致肿瘤发生。Beclin-1最初被鉴定为肿瘤抑制基因,是凋亡和自噬之间的关键分子之一,可通过促进细胞自噬来抑制肿瘤[19]。当自噬过程开始时, LC3Ⅰ(16 kDa)被转换为LC3Ⅱ(14 kDa), 通过检测LC3Ⅱ、LC3Ⅰ水平获得LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ, 可反映自噬水平[20]。本研究透射电镜结果证实, 1, 25-(OH)2D3处理可诱导细胞发生自噬特征的改变。WB结果显示, 1, 25-(OH)2D3可上调Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达,表明1, 25-(OH)2D3可增强HCT-116细胞自噬诱导。
AMPK作为一种能量传感器,具有调节细胞代谢和稳态、促进自噬等功能,而mTOR为一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,可调节细胞生长、增殖、运动和生存,是自噬的抑制剂[5]。AMPK/mTOR作为与细胞自噬相关的信号传导途径,与肿瘤抑制作用密切相关。WANG F等[21]研究发现,通过激活AMPK-mTOR-ULK1轴增强自噬,天然植物提取物10-羟基喜树碱可促进人膀胱癌细胞凋亡。百里香亦可通过AMPK/mTOR信号通路诱导自噬,抑制肾癌细胞的转移[22]。本研究结果发现, HCT-116细胞经1, 25-(OH)2D3处理后, AMPK磷酸化水平升高, mTOR磷酸化水平降低,表明1, 25-(OH)2D3可促进AMPK蛋白激活,抑制mTOR蛋白激活。此外,在AMPK抑制剂的作用下, 1, 25-(OH)2D3诱导的结肠癌细胞凋亡和自噬作用减弱,表明1, 25-(OH)2D3通过调控AMPK/mTOR信号通路改变结肠癌细胞凋亡和自噬。
综上所述, 1, 25-(OH)2D3可通过调控AMPK/mTOR信号通路增强结肠癌细胞凋亡和自噬,发挥抗肿瘤作用。然而,结肠癌细胞的自噬过程比较复杂,仍有很多作用机制尚未阐明,未来还需进一步深入研究。
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表 1 肌减少症与非肌减少症患者的一般资料比较(x±s)[n(%)]
一般资料 分类 全组(n=136) 肌减少症 χ2/t P 无(n=93) 有(n=43) 年龄/岁 61.0±12.0 59.5±11.7 64.1±12.2 -2.095 0.038 性别 女 51(37.5) 34(36.6) 17(39.5) 0.111 0.739 男 85(62.5) 59(63.4) 26(60.5) BMI/(kg/m2) 22.8±3.4 23.6±3.2 21.1±3.1 4.196 < 0.001 吸烟史 50(36.8) 35(37.8) 15(34.9) 0.096 0.757 心血管系统疾病 32(23.5) 22(23.7) 10(23.3) 0.003 0.959 糖尿病 17(12.5) 13(14.0) 4(9.3) 0.588 0.321 ECOG评分(≥1分) 93(71.0) 61(67.8) 32(78.0) 1.443 0.230 肿瘤位置 胃上1/3 27(19.7) 19(20.2) 8(18.6) 1.022 0.796 胃中1/3 24(17.5) 16(17.0) 8(18.6) 胃下1/3 68(50.4) 48(52.1) 20(46.5) 累及≥2/3胃 17(12.4) 10(10.6) 7(16.3) 切除范围 胃大部切除 100(73.5) 67(72.0) 33(76.7) 0.334 0.563 全胃切除 36(26.5) 26(28.0) 10(23.3) 手术方式 开腹 56(41.2) 38(40.9) 18(41.9) 0.012 0.912 腹腔镜 80(58.8) 55(59.1) 25(58.1) 分化类型 高分化 44(32.4) 29(31.2) 15(34.9) 1.065 0.587 中分化 56(41.2) 41(44.1) 15(34.9) 低分化 36(26.5) 23(24.7) 13(30.2) TNM分期 Ⅰ期 39(28.7) 27(29.0) 12(27.9) 1.333 0.514 Ⅱ期 52(38.2) 38(40.9) 14(32.6) Ⅲ期 45(33.1) 28(30.1) 17(39.5) 血红蛋白/(g/dL) 11.80±2.10 12.10±1.80 11.20±2.60 2.526 0.013 白细胞计数/(×109/L) 6.65±3.14 6.53±3.12 6.90±3.19 -0.637 0.525 淋巴细胞计数/(×109/L) 1.56±0.64 1.64±0.66 1.38±0.58 2.182 0.031 血小板计数/(×109/L) 260.40±80.50 262.80±79.90 255.30±82.30 0.506 0.614 血清白蛋白/(g/L) 37.80±3.90 38.40±3.70 36.30±4.10 2.984 0.003 C反应蛋白/(mg/L) 7.60±5.08 7.43±4.99 7.98±5.29 -0.584 0.560 血清总胆固醇/(mmol/L) 4.11±1.14 4.26±1.16 3.79±1.20 2.155 0.033 甘油三酯/(mmol/L) 1.01±0.48 1.09±0.45 0.86±0.49 2.118 0.031 L3-SMI/(cm2/m2) 45.0±7.4 47.5±6.7 39.7±5.6 6.661 < 0.001 NRS 2002量表评分 < 3分 52(38.2) 43(46.2) 9(20.9) 7.974 0.005 ≥3分 84(61.8) 50(53.8) 34(79.1) PG-SGA分级 A级 33(24.3) 31(33.3) 2(4.7) 19.121 < 0.001 B级 90(66.2) 58(62.4) 32(74.4) C级 13(9.6) 4(4.3) 9(20.9) BMI: 体质量指数; ECOG: 东部肿瘤合作组; L3-SMI: 第3腰椎水平的骨骼肌指数; NRS2002: 营养风险筛查2002; PG-SGA: 患者主观整体营养状况评价量表。 表 2 胃癌患者肌减少症的相关因素分析
变量 单因素分析 多因素分析 OR(95%CI) P OR(95%CI) P 年龄 1.035(1.001~1.070) 0.041 1.046(1.007~1.087) 0.019 BMI 0.764(0.664~0.879) < 0.001 0.734(0.627~0.859) < 0.001 血红蛋白 0.804(0.673~0.960) 0.016 0.805(0.658~0.986) 0.016 淋巴细胞计数 0.969(0.909~0.994) 0.034 1.000(0.999~1.001) 0.490 血清白蛋白 0.241(0.089~0.652) 0.005 0.455(0.136~1.516) 0.200 血清总胆固醇 0.701(0.504~0.977) 0.036 0.937(0.613~1.430) 0.762 甘油三酯 0.295(0.089~0.979) 0.046 0.546(0.149~1.996) 0.360 NRS 2002评分(≥3分∶ < 3分) 2.928(1.385~6.191) 0.005 1.239(0.422~3.636) 0.696 PG-SGA评分(≥5分∶ < 5分) 4.393(1.896~10.778) 0.001 4.484(1.805~11.136) 0.001 -
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