The effects of acarbose combined with metformin on inflammatory factors and cellular immune function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
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摘要: 目的 探讨阿卡波糖联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者的临床疗效及作用机制。 方法 将114例2型糖尿病患者随机分为联合治疗组(n=58)、二甲双胍组(n=56)。二甲双胍组给予二甲双胍治疗,联合治疗组给予阿卡波糖联合二甲双胍治疗。治疗3个月后,比较2组血清炎性因子、T淋巴细胞亚群、血糖控制、不良反应发生率。 结果 联合治疗组血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平低于二甲双胍组(P<0.05), CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+高于二甲双胍组, CD8+低于二甲双胍组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合治疗组空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)低于二甲双胍组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 阿卡波糖联合二甲双胍可抑制2型糖尿病患者的炎症反应,并调节其细胞免疫功功能和血糖水平。Abstract: Objective To explore the clinical effect of acarbose combined with metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its mechanism of action. Methods A total of 114 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into combined treatment group(n=58)and metformin group(n=56). The metformin group was treated with metformin, while the combined treatment group was given acarbose combined with metformin. After 3 months of treatment, serum inflammatory factors, T lymphocyte subsets, blood glucose control and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results The levels of serum interleukin-6(IL-6), C-reactive protein(CRP)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in the combined treatment group were significantly lower than those in the metformin group(P<0.05), CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ in the combined treatment group were significantly higher than those in the metformin group, and CD8+ was significantly lower than that in the metformin group(P<0.05). Fasting blood gluscose(FPG), fasting insulin(FINS), Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)in the combined treatment group were significantly lower than those in the metformin group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion Acarbose combined with metformin can inhibit the inflammatory response of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and regulate their cellular immune function and blood glucose level.
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Keywords:
- type 2 diabetes mellitus /
- acarbose /
- metformin /
- inflammatory factors /
- T lymphocytes
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上消化道溃疡穿孔患者手术整个过程进行围术期全方位护理是很有必要的,可舒缓上消化道溃疡穿孔患者不良情绪,让患者保持积极放松状态配合治疗,促进术后早期康复,提高生活质量[1-2]。本研究将70例上消化道溃疡穿孔患者随机分组,常规护理组给予围术期常规护理,全方位护理组开展围术期全方位护理,分析上消化道溃疡穿孔的围术期护理对策和效果,现报告如下。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
将本院2016年2月—2018年2月70例上消化道溃疡穿孔患者随机分为2组各35例。全方位护理组年龄21~58岁,平均(35.80±2.19)岁; 男19例,女16例。常规护理组年龄22~59岁,平均(35.46±2.31)岁; 男18例,女17例。2组资料比较无显著差异(P > 0.05)。
1.2 方法
常规护理组给予围术期常规护理,全方位护理组开展围术期全方位护理。①环境护理: 入院时,护理人员指导上消化道溃疡穿孔患者完成入院手续办理,并为患者创造温湿度适宜、光线合适的医疗环境,减轻环境带来的应激反应。②心理护理: 护理人员耐心跟患者沟通,必要时运用心理评估表评估心理状态。很多患者出现显著疼痛时,会出现焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪,并对手术有巨大恐惧。因此,护理人员使用人性化心理护理方法,耐心解释手术的必要性,并借助音乐疗法等帮助患者减轻焦虑心理。③镇痛护理: 术前应使用葡萄糖维持正常的葡萄糖代谢,手术期间使用硬膜外麻醉。手术后24 h开始口服非甾体镇痛药。④术中保暖和输液护理: 采用全面保暖措施预防低体温,其中手术室温度设定在24~26 ℃, 湿度为40%~60%。将静脉输注和灌洗液预先置于37 ℃的培养箱中,术中给予患者保温毯保温,输液和灌洗用加温后的液体。⑤术后护理: 术后早期给予肠内营养液,术后第2天食用流质食物。根据患者病情,尽快恢复正常饮食。术后6 h,让患者进行床上活动。每2 h翻身1次,手术后1 d可沿着床边步行。术后2~4 d, 根据患者实际情况,逐渐增加起床时间,每天起床至少4 h。
1.3 观察指标
比较2组护理满意度、患者对手术治疗必要性的认知评分、手术治疗依从性(采取百分制方法,分值越高越好)、手术开展时间、排气和排便时间、住院时间。护理前后采用症状自评量表(SCL)对各项心理情绪指标进行评分(每项0~3分,分值越低越好)。同时,比较SCL各项心理情绪指标的评分,恶心、呕吐,肺部感染,切口感染等并发症的发生率。
1.4 统计学处理
本研究数据采用SPSS 21.0软件进行分析,计量资料和计数资料分别采用t、卡方检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 满意度
全方位护理组的满意度为100.00%, 高于常规护理组的80.00%, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
2.2 SCL量表各项心理情绪指标评分
护理前,2组SCL量表各项心理情绪指标评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05); 护理后,全方位护理组SCL量表各项心理情绪指标评分显著低于常规护理组(P < 0.05)。见表 1。
表 1 SCL量表各项心理情绪指标评分比较(x±s)分 项目 全方位护理组 常规护理组 护理干预前 护理干预后 护理干预前 护理干预后 人际关系敏感 3.52±1.15 1.57±0.73* 3.57±1.92 2.94±0.24 恐怖 3.25±1.30 1.33±0.59* 3.28±1.65 2.32±0.84 强迫症状 3.33±1.52 1.64±0.26* 3.49±1.31 2.77±0.16 抑郁 3.72±1.26 1.84±0.64* 3.55±1.73 2.42±0.54 敌意 3.63±1.49 1.47±0.97* 3.33±1.96 2.67±0.41 精神病性 3.95±1.53 1.29±0.48* 3.87±1.41 2.86±0.31 躯体化 3.43±1.24 1.72±0.42* 3.49±1.87 2.53±0.23 偏执 3.78±1.43 1.93±0.17* 3.53±1.23 2.74±0.67 焦虑 3.28±1.68 1.13±0.39* 3.53±1.34 2.23±0.82 其他 3.44±1.77 1.61±0.79* 3.23±1.33 2.43±0.69 与常规护理组比较, *P < 0.05。 2.3 手术相关指标
全方位护理组患者对手术治疗必要性的认知评分、手术治疗依从性显著高于常规护理组(P < 0.05)。全方位护理组手术开展时间、排气和排便时间、住院时间显著短于常规护理组(P < 0.05)。见表 2。
表 2 2组手术相关指标比较(x±s)组别 n 对手术治疗必要性的认知评分/分 手术治疗依从性/分 手术时间/d 排气时间/h 排便时间/d 住院时间/d 常规护理组 35 85.21±2.56 82.21±3.21 85.40±2.67 32.41±6.57 3.21±1.17 7.41±1.52 全方位护理组 35 94.24±3.46* 96.56±3.21* 65.24±1.67* 26.56±3.61* 2.24±0.21* 4.56±0.21* 与常规护理组比较, *P < 0.05。 2.4 并发症
全方位护理组恶心、呕吐、肺部感染、切口感染等并发症的总发生率显著低于常规护理组(P < 0.05)。见表 3。
表 3 2组并发症发生率比较[n(%)]组别 n 恶心、呕吐 肺部感染 切口感染 合计 常规护理组 35 3(8.57) 2(5.71) 2(5.71) 7(20.00) 全方位护理组 35 1(2.86) 0 0 1(2.86)* 与常规护理组比较, *P < 0.05。 3. 讨论
上消化道溃疡穿孔的临床症状多为疼痛和出血,严重时甚至危及生命安全[3-4], 需要及时进行手术治疗。目前手术治疗能获得良好治疗效果,但是疾病容易导致患者情绪低落[5-6]。由于缺乏对疾病和手术治疗的正确认识,上消化道溃疡穿孔患者容易出现焦虑、抑郁、恐惧等消极心理,不仅不利于手术开展,也延长了术后康复时间。围术期全方位护理对上消化道溃疡穿孔患者具有较高的应用价值,可有效减轻患者心理负担,减轻手术应激,减少并发症,加速患者术后康复和提高生活质量[7-9]。
本研究中,常规护理组给予围术期常规护理,全方位护理组开展围术期全方位护理。结果显示,全方位护理组满意度显著高于常规护理组,主要是因为身心方面的全面护理指导获得了患者的认可,提高了护理服务的满意度[10-11]。全方位护理组SCL量表各项心理情绪指标评分显著低于常规护理组; 全方位护理组患者对手术治疗必要性的认知评分、手术治疗依从性显著高于常规护理组; 手术开展时间、排气时间、排便时间和住院时间显著短于常规护理组,并发症也更少,主要是因为围术期全方位护理中,护理人员积极和患者沟通,对患者进行健康教育和心理护理,促使患者更好地了解相关知识,从而提高依从性,使其更好配合临床治疗,且术中的全方位监护有利于规避和减少并发症[12-16]。
综上所述,对上消化道溃疡穿孔患者实施围术期全方位护理效果确切,可有效提高患者对手术的认知程度和依从性,并缩短手术时间,减少手术并发症,加速术后胃肠功能恢复,减轻患者不良情绪和缩短住院时间,提高患者对于护理的满意度。
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